afstRylIaf ivc iswK smfj leI amuwl syvf krn vflLy zf[ imlKf isMG brfV

-igafnI sMqoK isMG

zf[ imlKf isMG brfV, afstRylIaf dI iek aijhI hsqI hn ijnHF nUM AuhnF dI iswK smfj pRqI kIqI amuwl syvf leI PYzrl aYvfrz Pfr sInIar afstRylIanjL 2001 dy snmfn nflL snmfnq kIqf igaf hY.

ipqf s[ qfrf isMG aqy mfqf srdfrnI hrnfm kOr dy gRih ivKy, nvMbr 1928 ivc jnmy zf[ brfV ny bI[ ayYs[ sI[ gvrnmYt kflj luiDafixAuN aqy bI[ vI[ aYs[ sI[ ihsfroN, pYpsU srkfr vwloN vjLIPLf pRfpq krky kIqI. iPr pMjfb srkfr ny brfV sfihb nUM mdrfs ivKy vYtrnrI sfieMs dI mfstr izgrI (aYm[ vI[ aYs[ sI[) krn vfsqy Byijaf. mdrfs qoN sPLlqf sihq, vYtrnrI sfieMs ivc, mfstr izgrI pRfpq krn AupRMq afp dI, pMjfb srkfr vwloN, vyrkf (aMimRqsr) ivc, pRoikAurmYt afPLIsr vjoN inXukqI hoeI. Aus smy dy muK mMqrI pMjfb, s[ prqfp isMG kYroN dI pRyrnf nflL, jo ik AuhnF ny zfktr sfihb nUUM pbilk dy BrvyN iekwT ivc dohF moiZaf qoN PVky aqy hlUxf idMidaF hoieaF afiKaf, “qyry ijhy nOjvfn dysL dI rwiKaf leI PojI syvf leI nhI jfxgy qF hor kOx ieh bhfdrI df kfrnfmf krygf.“ vrgy pRyrnf Bry sLbdF qoN pRBfvq ho ky, pMjfb srkfr dI gjLtz post vflLI nOkrI Cwz ky, afp julfeI 1963 ivc afrmI ivc kimsLnz afPLIsr inXukq ho gey ijQoN 1970 ivc bqOr kYptn rIlIjL lYx AupRMq afstRylIaf ivKy prmfnYt sYtl hox vfsqy af gey.

zf[ brfV jI df ipqf purKI ipMz, ijLlf PrIdkot ivc rx isMG vflLf, iswK ieiqhfs ivc pRisD ngr jYqo dy nflL lgvF hY. afp dy ipqf s[ qfrf isMG jI akflI lihr dy moricaF smy qn, mn, Dn nflL kOmI syvf ivc ihwsf pfieaf krdy sn. Kfs krky jYqo dy pRisD morcy smy s[ qfrf isMG dy prvfr ny irafsqI aqy aMgRyjLI srkfr dI nfrfjLgI dI prvfh nf kridaF hoieaF, siqafgRhI akflIaF dI BrpUr syvf kIqI. ies qrHF kOmI Bfvnf aqy syvf dI guVHqI zfktr sfihb nUM Gr ivcoN hI imlLI. afpxy ividafQI jIvn smy, zfktr sfihb ny, prvfr ivcoN imlLy pMQk sMskfrF kfrn, iswK pMQ dy hrfvl dsqy dy rUp ivc ivcrn vflLI aqy kfrjsLIl jQybMdI, iswK stUzYNts PLYzRysLn, dy plyt PLfrm rfhIN kOmI syvf ivc BrpUr ihwsf pfieaf. afp jI Aus smy pMQk soc nUM smwrpq nOjvfnF dI ies jQybMdI ivc srgrm rhy jdoN iehnF dy jmfqI aqy PyzRysLn dI ‘mF’ afKy jfx vflLy inrmfx pMQ syvk, prlokvfsI s[ Bfn isMG jI, ies dy skwqr huMdy sn.

zf[ imlKf isMG brfV, afstrylIaf dy pRDfn mMqrI jfhn hfvrz aqy pqnI srdfrnI hrBjn kOr nfl

jdoN zf[ imlKf isMG brfV afstRylIaf ivc afey sn qF Aus smy eyQy bhuq Gwt iswK prvfr vsdy sn. zf[ brfV ny eyQy isznI ivc gurduafrf sRI gurU isMG sBf bxfAux vfsqy axQwk AupRflf kIqf aqy iesdy muK syvfdfrF ivc sLfml ho ky, iesdI syvf ivc mohrI ihwsf pfieaf. zfktr jI dy eyQy afAux AupRMq kuJ hor iswK prvfr afstRylIaf ivc phuMcy aqy pwky qOr qy eyQy sYtl ho gey. isznI mYtropOiltn eyrIey dI BUgolk ivsLflqf aqy ies ivc vDI iswK afbfdI sdkf, sMgqF dI Dfrmk, smfjk afid jLrUrIafq dI pUrqI ihq, hor gurduafrf sfihbfn dI loV anuBv kIqI geI aqy nqIjy vjoN gurduafrf sfihbfn tfrf mfrf, pfrklI, afstRfl dI AusfrI hoeI. zfktr sfihb ny iehnF sfry gurduafrf sfihbfn dI syvf ivc vI qn, mn, Dn duafrf mohrI ho ky ihwsf pfieaf aqy iehnF dy pRbMD krn vfsqy bxIaf kmytIaF dy vI lfeIPL mYbr hn. kuJ smf afstRfl gurdafry dI syvf, pRDfn skwqr aqy KLjLfncI vjoN vI kIqI.

zf[ brfV dIaF iswK smfj vfsqy kIqIaF amuwl syvfvF ivcoN iek ieh vI hY ik AuhnF ny afpxy injI rsUKL, Audm aqy isafsI mhwqvpUrx ivakqIaF nflL afpxI sFJ sdkf, Bfrq dIaF XUnIvristIaF dIaF izgrIaF nUM eyQy mfnqf idvfeI. pihlF dysoN pfs kIqIaF geIaF izgrIaF nUM eyQy mfnqf pRfpq nhI sI. eyQoN dy mfxXog aYm[ pI[ rOs PrI AuhnF dy bhuq nyVy dy imwqr hn, ijnHF ny zfktr sfihb dI pRyrnf nflL, qqkflIn iemIgRysLn mMqrI, mfnXog rfbrt ry, nUM pRyiraf qy smy isr im[ ry vwloN idqI geI, pMjfb dIaF XUnIvrstIaF dIaF izgrIaF nUM idqI geI mfnqf df sdkf, nf kyvl iswK hI blik sfry Bfrq vfsI nOjvfn afrfm nflL afstRylIaf ivc mfeIgRyt krdy gey aqy awj qwk ies pRfpqI qoN lfB pRfpq krdy af rhy hn.

swqrvyN dhfky dy aKIr aqy awsIvyN dhfky dy sLurU ivc gLYr kfnMnI qOr qy afstRylIaf ivc af vsy prvfrF dI zf[ brfV ny insLkfm syvf aqy shfieqf kIqI; aqy aijhy vIh-pMJI prvfrF nUM eyQy kfnUMnI qOr qy vwsx ivc mdd kIqI. iehnF prvfrF dI ilKqI krYktr vYrIPIkysLn krky zf[ brfV ny KLud ijLmyvfrI lY ky afstRylIaf dI srkfr nUM iliKaf aqy ies qrHF krky AuhnF dI eyQy vsoN ivc aihm BUimkf adf kIqI. iehnF ivcoN kuJ iswK afstRylIaf srkfr dy vwK vwK mihkimaF dIaF syvfvF ivc cMgIaF, kmfeI vflLIaF qy iejLqdfr nOkrIaF Aupr syvf inBf rhy hn. iehnF ivcoN keI nOjvfn styt tRFsport, styt ryl, kurYkitv srivsjL, polIs, post afiPLs afid qoN ielfvf keI hor ivBfgF ivc vI kMm kr rhy hn. eyhI nhI zf[ brfV ny pMjfbI BfsLf leI styt aYjUkysLn mihkmy qoN iejfjLq idvf ky dsvIN jmfq qwk skUlF ivc pMjfbI BfsLf lfgU krvfeI aqy skUlF ivc pwg bMnHx df aiDkfr vI iswK smfj dIaF hor aihm hsqIaF nflL imlL ky pRfpq krvfieaf.

zf[ brfV vloN kIqI geI syvf dy afDfr qy, afstRylIaf dy iswK smfj vloN, AuhnF nUM PYzrl aYvfrz leI nfmjLd kIqf igaf. iswK smfj dIaF aihm hsqIaF ny sports qy tUirjLm mMqrI mfnXog jYkI kYlI (ilMzsy qoN aYm[ pI[) nUM pwqr ilK ky apIl kIqI ik ieh snmfn zf[ imlKf isMG brfV nUM idqf jfvy. ieh aYvfrz kfmnvYlQ rYkgnIsLn aYvfrz Pfr sInIar afstRylIanjL 2001 dy nF qy idqf igaf.

AupRokq aYvfrz qoN ielfvf inAU sfAUQ vyls dy pRImIar (muK mMqrI) aqy swqfDfrI pfrtI lybr pfrtI dy pRDfn vwloN afp jI aqy afp dI pqnI, srdfrnI hrBjn kOr jI nUM, iehnF dI shfieqf nflL pfrtI nUM styt ivc pRfpq hoeI sLfndfr ijq krky, pRsMsf pwqr idqy gey hn.

zf[ brfV ny iswK smfj nUM apIl kridaF afiKaf hY ik jdoN vI iswK iek dUjy nUM imlx qF iek dUjy nUM, “vfihgurU jI kf KLflsf, vfihgurU jI kI PLiqh]” jLrUr kihx. AuhnF apIl kIqI ik iswK smfj imlL julL ky iekwTf ho ky afpxy bjLurgF, aOrqF aqy bwicaF dI iejLq kry. AuhnF ikhf ik asIN sfry iek hF aqy gurU jI sfnUM hmysLF kfmXfbI aqy KusLIaF bKLsLdy rihxgy. afp jI df kihxf hY ik iswK df mnorQ “srbwq df Blf” hY. ies leI hryk iswK nUM dUsiraF dy kMm afky pRsMnqf mihsUs krnI cfhIdI hY.

zfktr sfihb jI ies smy, afpxf injI kfrobfr smyt ky, afpxI jIvn sfQx, srdfrnI hrBjn kOr jI smyq, isznI dy iek sbarb, kYNbrj pfrk, ivc rih rhy hn aqy bfvjUd srIrk syhq iZlI rihx aqy zfktrF dI slfh dy AulLt jf ky vI loVvMdF dI shfieqf ihq AuT ky hryk loVvMd dy nflL qur pYNdy hn. iksy dy kMm afAux smy afp afpxy afrfm, smf, syhq afid df vI iPkr nhI krdy.

afp jI dy dovyN hoxhfr spuqr, rfimMdrpfl isMG brfV aqy rfijMdrpfl isMG brfV afpo afpxy kfrobfrF qy prvfrF ivc sPLlqf sihq ivcr aqy qrwkI kr rhy hn.

igafnI sMqoK isMG

awKIN vyKy do qmfsLy

huMdf ey idny rfq qmfsLf myry awgy

igafnI sMqoK isMG

iekI akqUbr 2007 nUM, isznI ivc iek vfikaf vyK ky mYnUM 39 sfl pihlF df iek vfikaf Xfd af igaf. Auh bfad ivc dwsUMgf pihlF ieh isznI vflf sux lvo.

afstRylIaf dI sB qoN vwzI isK sMsQf ‘afstRylIan iswK aYsosIeysLn’ dIaF sflfnf coxF sn. dovyN iDrF qn, mn, Dn nflL afhmo sfhmxy ztIaF hoeIaF sn. iqMnF ivcoN do gruwp rlL ky iek pfsy ho gey qy iek grup iek pfsy. ieAuN myry vrgy afm bMdy dI soc sI ik ijs pfsy do grup ho gey hn Auh pfsf Bfrf ho jfvygf. dohF iDrF vwloN sB kuJ df qy lf idqf igaf. gurduafry dI syvf sMBfl Aupr kbjLf krn leI lVfeI sLurU ho geI. lVfeI cfhy sLsqrF nflL lVI jfvy qy cfhy prcIaF nflL, hY qF lVfeI hI. isafxy afKdy ny ik jfrI (XfrI nhI) qy lVfeI ivc hr hiQafr vrq lYxf jfiej hI smiJaf jFdf hY. lVfeI ivc sB qoN pihlI mOq swc dI hI huMdI hY. ieh lVfeI kfhdy leI sI? iek grup vwloN dUjy grup pfsoN gurduafry dI syvf Kohx leI. vYsy hryk lVfeI ivc hryk grup KLud nUM shI qy dUjy nUM gLlq afKdf hI hY; ieh koeI nvI gwl nhI. lVfeI huMdI hI EdoN hY jdoN dovyN iDrF KLud nUM shI qy dUsry nUM gLlq smJdIaF hox; qy nflL ieh vI smJdIaF hox ik AuhnF dI ijwq XkInI hY. hfrn vflI lVfeI lV ky KLusLI nflL ‘sLhId’ koeI ivrlf hI bxnf cfhuMdf hY. BfvyN hfr jfx qoN ipCoN hr hfrn vflf KLud nUM swcf sLhId smJdf hY qy jyqU nUM hyrf PyrI nflL ijwq jfx vflf.

myry vyKidaF hI ieh sMsQf ‘kuJ vI nf’ qoN eyQy qwk, gurU dI ikrpf qy gurU dIaF sMgqF vwloN kIqI geI qn, mn, Dn dI syvf nflL phuMcI hY. hux eyQy lVfeI eyQoN dy vsIilaF nUM afpxy kbjLy ivc krky, afpxy lfB ihq vrqx leI hY. ieh koeI nvI gwl nhI; sfry QF eyho hI hfl hY. “ijho ijhf gMzIivMz Eho ijhf aglf ipMz.“ jo zFg sotf aMimRqsr ivc cwldf hY Eho ijhf gqkf hI lMzn ivc Kyizaf jFdf hY. jo inXUXfrk ivc dOrI kUMzf KVkdf hY Eho ijhf gfhlI gloc hI vYnkUvr ivc huMdf hY. lfs eyNjls, aOklYNz, isznI afid ivc koeI hor rwb nhI hY. iehnF QfvF qy vI gurduafiraF ivc iswK afpxI ‘bhfdrI’ df pRgtfvf krn ivc koeI ksr nhI Cwzdy.

KLYr, gurU kI golk dI mfieaf KLrc ky, bfhroN gory krfey qy ilaf ky, AuhnF dI hfjrI ivc votF df kMm suwKIN sFdIN Bugq igaf. gurduafrf kmytIaF dIaF coxF krvfAux leI bfhroN motIaF PIsF Br ky bMdy ies leI mMgvfAuxy pYNdy hn ik aYsf iswK qF hux koeI afstRylIaf ivc rih hI nhI igaf ijs Aupr ieqbfr kIqf jf sky ik Auh swc nUM swc afK skdf hY. aMgRyjLI rfj smy dwsdy af ik kdI smf huMdf sI ik adflq iek iswK dI gvfhI qoN ipwCoN iksy hor sbUq dI loV nhI sI smJI jFdI. ieh vI ieiqhfskfr dwsdy ny ik adflq ivc iek sfDfrn iswK dy idqy ibafn qoN ijLlf mYijstyRt, imstr mYkflPL, eynf pRBfvq hoieaf ik Auh eyzI vwzI nOkrI nUM iqafg ky iswKF bfry Koj krn lwg ipaf qy aMgRyjLI BfsLf ivc iek vzy gRMQ ‘iswK irlIjn’ dI rcnf kIqI. aMq AusdI mOq vI lMzn ivc iek iswK dy rUp ivc hI hoeI.

swc bolxf koeI sOKf kfrj nhI. iksy isafxy ivcfrvfn ivakqI df ivcfr hY ik swc jF qy koeI pfgl bol skdf hY qy jF bRhm igafnI. pfgl qF iswK hY nhI qy bRhm igafnI ikQoN lB ky ilafeIey! muwkdI gwl ik dohF iDrF dy qkrIbn aDo aD bMdy ijwq gey. jykr ies ielYksLn nUM mMn ilaf jfvy qF kuJ qknIkI kfrnF krky gurU Gr dy dohF mhwqvpUrx vsIilaF, mfeIk qy mfieaf, Aupr kbjLf pihly DVy df hI rih jFdf hY.

rOlf rwpf ijhf pY igaf. iek grup kihMdf hY ielYksLn ho geI hY qy iesnUM mMno. dUjf kihMdf hY ik igxqI shI nhI hoeI, dubfrf votF igxo. myrI aD-pVH ijhI KoprI ivc ieh gwl nhI GusVdI ik BeI votF pfAux vfly vI XUvtristI dy izgrIDfrI qy igxn vflLy vI. votF vI kulL hjfr ku dy krIb. iPr igxn ivc BulyKf ikvyN lwgdf hY. hF jykr jfx buJ ky koeI gLlqI nhI hoeI qF aYsf BulyKf pY skx dI guMjfiesL nhI hoxI cfhIdI. dobfrf votF igxn nflL jykr JgVf muwkdf hovy qF myrI sImq jhI smJ anusfr ieh sOdf koeI bhuqf mihMgf nhI smJxf cfhIdf.

do ku hPqy Tihr ky ies cox dy nqIjy df aYlfn krn leI afm mYbrF dI sBf gurduafry ivc bulfeI geI. ibnf loV dy sfrf qmfsLf afpxI awKIN vyKx dI Auqsukqf vws mY vI mIitMg ivc jf bYTf. mhfrfj df gurU Gr ivc pRkfs sI. purfxy qy nvy bhuq sfry afgU swjx sjy hoey sn. surwiKaf vfsqy gurU kI golk ivcoN swbrkwqI mfieaf KLrc ky nfn iswK sYikAurtI vflLy vI vfhvf igxqI ivc swdy hoey sn. sLfied gurduafry dy pRbMDk iswKF ivc hux ieh sLkqI nf rhI hovy ik Auh dUsry DVy dy iswKF kolLoN gurduafry dy drbfr hfl aMdr iksy sMBfvI gVbV nUM rok swkdy hox! ieh vI iswKF vfsqy iek sLuB sMkyq hI smiJaf jfxf cfhIdf hY ik Auh hux gurduafiraF aMdr ‘qlvfrbfjLI’ krn dI bjfie sgoN iesnUM rookx leI, goiraF nUM hfier krky ilafAuNdy hn. clo, ies bhfny iswKF aMdr lVn iBVn dI afdq qF kuJ TMzI peI smJxI cfhIdI hY. ieh hflq vI sfzy vfsqy kuJ PLKLr krn vflLI ho geI smJI jfxI cfhIdI hY; nhI qF igafnI igafn isMG jI ny qF ilLK idqf sI:

jfq goq isMGn kI dMgf]

dMgf hI ien gur qy mMgf]

aMn nf pcY kIey ibn dMgf]

borz dy cyarmYn sfihb mIitMg nUM `cyar’ kr rhy sn. vfhvf icr jfBF df ByV dovwlI hox AupRMq aKIr ivc cyarmYn sfihb ny ielYksLn df nqIjf pVH ky suxf idqf qy mIitMg bMd krky sfQIaF sxy hfloN bfhr nUM qur gey. AuhnF dy nflL hI kmytI vwloN swdy hoey sYikAurtI vflLy vI pwqrf vfc gey. ipCoN styj skwqr jI ny styj sMBfl ky cyarmYn jI vwloN suxfey gey nqIjy nUM gLlq gLrdfndy hoey, izptI cyamYn dI `cyar’ hyT mIitMg jfrI rwKI. ies dOrfn kuJ mqy vI pfs kIqy gey.

ieh sfrf njfrf vyK ky mYnUM 1968 dy mfrc mhIny dI aTfrF qrIk df sIn Xfd af igaf. gwl ieh ieAuN hoeI: 1967 dIaF pMjfb asYNblI dIaF coxF ivc, kFgrs pMjfb ivc pihlI vfr pUrn bhusMmqI nf lY skI qy 104 ivcoN Ausdy aTqflLI hI ijqy. iKc DUh ky Auh do dUijaF dy afpxy ivc sLfml krn ivc kfmXfb ho ky vI msF pMjfh qwk phuMc skI. iqMn iPr vI Gwt rih gey. pMjfh vflLy vyNhdy rih gey qy 23 vfly akflI, sMq PLiqh isMG dI isafxp nflL, srkfr bxf gey qy jsits gurnfm isMG ny 9 mfrc nUM muK mMqrI pd dI shuM cwuk leI.

hux cuxnf sI spIkr. mhFrfjf pitaflf jI rom qoN aYNbYszrI Cwz ky afey sn pMjfb dy muK mMqrI bxn leI, pr bx nf sky. iPr AuhnF ny Xqn kIqf ik AuhnF nUM srb sMmqI nflL spIkr cux ilaf jfvy. Auh vI gwl nf bxI . zf[ Bgq isMG vI ies gwdI dy cfhvfn sn qy AuhnF ny mYnUM afiKaf vI ik mY sMq jI nUM ies bfry afKF. zf[ jgjIq isMG vI kyvl cfhvfn hI nhI sn blik AuhnF ny kFgrs dI shfieqf nflL spIkr dI cox lVI vI qy hfry vI. iPr dUjy pfisAuN izptI spIkrI qy hI mMn gey jo ik AuhnF nUM pihlF hI imlL rhI sI.. spIkr dI kursI qy, cox ijwq ky s[ joigMdr isMG mfn jI ibrfjmfn ho gey. kuJ ku mhIny ieh gMZ quwp krky srkfr cwldI rhI. aKIr kFgrs dI skIm kfmXfb ho geI qy Ausny s[ lCmx isMG igwl nUM awgy lf ky gurnfm isMG srkfr quVvf idqI. 22 nvMbr 1967 nUM igwl srkr ny shuM cwuk leI. Esy idn hI iswKF dy sB qoN lMmf smf lIzr rihx vflLy, mfstr qfrf isMG jI, df dyhFq ho igaf. jwj dI srkfr quVvfAux qy igwl dI srkfr bxfAux ivc zf[ jgjIq isMG df vI mohrI ihwsf sI qy spIkr s[ joigMdr isMG mfn jI vI ies sfrI kfrvfeI nflL sihmq sn; ikAuNik kuJ ikafs arfeIaF anusfr AuyhnF nUM igwl ny vjLIrI dyx df lfrf lfieaf sI jo ik pUrf nf kIqf igaf. spIkrI dI sLfn qF bQyrI huMdI hY. muK mMqrI vI isr Jukf ky qy afigaf lY ky hI hfl aMdr bol skdf hY pr Kfx pIx nUM ies pdvI ivc vjLIrF ijMnf nhI huMdf. ies leI mfn sfihb igwl nflL nfrfjL ho gey. 18 mfrc 1968 nUM pMjfb asYNblI df bjt sYsLn sI. ivroDIaF vwloN bxfeI geI skIm sI ik bjt pfs nhI hox dyxf. spIkr dI sihmqI vI ies skIm nflL sI. so asYNblI sYsLn bYTidaF hI spIkr sYsLn nUM ainscq smy leI AuTf ky afp vI AuT igaf. rOlLf pY igaf. izptI spIkr s[ bdlyv isMG, jo ik akflI itkt qy ijwiqaf sI pr kFgrs ivc sLfml ho igaf sI qy ies srkfr ivc AusnUM izptI spIkr bxf ky ienfm idqf igaf sI. vjLIr AusnUM bxfieaf nhI sI jf skdf ikAuNik idwlI bYTI kFgrs hfeI kmfn df PYslf sI ik AuhnF ny vjLfrq ivc KLud sLfml nhI hoxf qy sfry igwlL nflL afAux vfilLaF dI hI srkfr bxfAuxI hY. igwl smyq 17 aYm[ aYl[ ey[ PrMt nflLoN tuwt ky gey sn. AuhnF ivcoN iqMnF nUMM Cwz ky bfkI sfry vjLIr bxf idqy gey. iqMn jyhVy bfhr rwKy gey AuhnF dy nF sn: itkf jgqfr isMG, s[ isLMgfrf isMG qy cODrI isv cMd. kfrn bfhr rwKx df ieh sI ik ieh iqMny kFgrs itkt qy ijwq ky, jdoN AusdI srkfr nf bxI, qF PrMt ivc sLfml ho gey sn.

          igwl nUM apojLIsLn dI ies skIm df pqf sI qy Auh ies sfry kuJ leI pihlF hI iqafr sI. Ausny pUrI pUrI iqafrI kr rwKI sI hflfq nflL inptx dI. spIkr dy bfhr jFidaf hI izptI spIkr, spIkr dI kursI vwlL viDaf qF dUjy bMinAuN spIkr dI kursI vwl jfx vflLIaF pAuVIaF ivc s[ amr isMG dusFJ qy kuJ hor sfQI Klo gey. jyhVf vI awgy nUM vDy Esy nUMM ‘GsuMn pRsLfd’ Ckf ky pAuVIaF qoN Qwly suwt dyx. s[ amr isMG dusFJ srIroN vfhvf qkVy sn. ieh qmfsLf aYvyN kuJ ku pl hI cwilaf. igwl ny hflfq nUM BFp ky pihlF hI qkVy srIrF vflLy pulsIey, sfdy kwpiVaF ivc, vfhvf igxqI ivc asYNblI hfl ivc ilaFdy hoey sn. AuhnF ny ies GsuMn muwkI dI Kyz ivc vfhvf Xogdfn pfieaf. kuJ imMt ieh lokF dy cuxy hoey numfieidaF dI Kyz cwldI rhI. iPr CyqI hI puls vfilLaf ny srIrk bl nflL hflfq qy kfbU pf ilaf.

agly idn pRYs ivc Cp igaf ik izptI spIkr dI pRDfngI hyT cwly sYsLn ivc bjt pfs ho igaf hY. ivroDI aKLbfrF ny ies nUM pMjfb dy ieiqhfs ivc iek ‘kflLf idn’ krfr idqf.

sLukr hY ik eyQy 21 akqUbr nUM Aus ieiqhfs df ihMsk ihwsf nhI duhrfieaf igaf. iesdf koeI vI kfrn ho skdf hY. jF iek qoN vD kfrn vI ho skdy hn. ho skdf hY ik pMjfb nfloN isznI dy iswK vD isafxy hox; jF iPr ieh vI ho skdf hY gurU kI golk ivcoN pYsy KLrc ky ilaFdy nfn iswK sYikAurtI vfilLaF dI vrdI pihnI hfl ivc mOjUdgI krky ieh tflLf ho igaf hovy. jF iehnF sfiraF kfrnF smyq hor vI koeI kfrn ho skdy hn.

hr hflq ivc ies gwl dI sLlfGf krnI hI bxdI hY ik hfjr swjxF ny isafxp vrqI. hF, kuJ isafxy bMdy vkIlF, kcihrIaF df rfh jLrUr ivKflL rhy hn; Auh ies leI ik vkIlF dy KLrcy gurU kI golk ivcoN kIqy jf skx dI sMBfvnf hY.

jfxf myrf vyKx, zbo vflLf jLU

- igafnI sMqoK isMG

          ijAuN hosL sMBflLI hY GrylU jfnvrF: mJF, gfeIaF, kuwiqaF, ibwlIaF, kuwkVF; Kfs krky AuhnF dy inwky inwky bwcy bVy cMgy lwgdy sn/hn. hux jdoN ik kbr ivc lwqF vflLI hflq hY qF vI ieh avwlf ijhf cf, jo ik kyvl cf hI hY, Gitaf nhI blik, "mrjL bVHqf gieaf XUM XUM dvf kI." vflLI hflq hI hY. kyvl cf df mqlb hY ik ieh iewCf hI hY pr prvfrk vfqfvrx qy vsIilaF dI Gft krky iesnUM aml ivc nhI ilaFdf jf sikaf. ies leI dUroN vyK ky hI sbr kr leIdf hY. KulHy, jMglI jUhF ivc rWb dI rjLf ivc ivcrdy psLU, pMCIaF dI JfqI qF bhuq hI luBfvxI lwgdI hY. ies qoN ielfvf kudrqI idRsL, ndI, smuMdr, jMglL, JfVIaF, diraf, JIlF, vgdy pfxI, vgdy KUh, JlfrF, nihrF, sUey, KflL, afzF afid vI bhuq hI iKwc pfAuNdy hn. sLfied ieh ies krky vI hovy ik ipCly iksy njLdIkI jnm ivc mY vI koeI jMglI jIv hI irhf hovF! vYsy ivigafnk soc rwKx vfly ivdvfn qF iesnUM vihm hI kihMdy hoxgy (ieh jLrUrI nhI ik iesnUM Auh swcy idloN smJdy vI hox!) pr mY nf qF ivdvfn hF qy nf hI ivigafnk. myrI hflq qF, "ijnHy lfeI gwlIN, Auhdy nflL AuT cwlI." vflI hI hY. arQfq ijvyN iksy df dwisaf jF iliKaf sux pVH ilaf, QohVI smJ kfrn, Aus dy nflL hI sihmq ho igaf. kfdr dI kudrq df suMdr idRsL koeI vI idsy, BfeI vIr isMG jI dy sbdF ivc, "kfdr kI kudriq df Jlkfrf lY lYNdf iek sjdf." anusfr, "suBfn qyrI kudriq!" kihky anMdmeI aihsfs ho jFdf hY. ies leI ijs vI dysL ivc jfvF icVIaf Gr jrUr vyKx jFdf hF.

          ieho ijhI AuDyV-bux ivc hI iek idn vyhlf bYTf sF ik, "aNnyH ko aMDyry ny dUr kI sUJI." vFg mYnUM vI Purnf Puiraf ik ikAuN nf dunIaf dy dwKxI arD golLy (Southern Hemesphere) df sB qoN vwzf icVIaf Gr, zbo (Dabbo) jf ky vyK afvF. vyhlf hI sF afm vFg. ijs iksy vI swjx nUM myry ies 'plfn' df pqf lwgf, mKOl ivc eyhI boilaf, "vyKIN ikqy qYnUM vI EQy hI nf rwK lYx!" iek bIbI ny qF ieh gwl vI ipwCy isznI ivc Dumf idqI, "igafnI jI nUM qF zwbo jLU ivc jOb iml geI hY."

          hux jfx smy dI ryl gwzI dI gwl vI sux lvo: iksy suihrd swjx dI ikrpf nfl mYnUM PLst klfs df pfs iml igaf. sIt bwuk krf ky jdoN mY iek nMbr vfly zwby ivc iek nMbr sIt qy igaf qF EQy eynf vDIaf ieMqjLfm vyK ky sLwk ipaf ik ieh sIt myrI nhI ho skdI. pihlF vI keI vfrI PLst klfs ivc sPLr kIqf sI qF ieAuN hI anuBv hoieaf sI ik iekfnmI klfs qy PLst klfs ivc koeI bhuqf PLrk nhI huMdf pr eyQy qF rMg ZMg hI hor dy hor sn. afhmo sfhmxy do gwdy sn ijnHF Aupr iqMn iqMn svfrIaF afrfm nfl bYT swkx. nfl kwpVy tMgx dI almfrI, bfQrUm qy hor hux Xfd nhI irhf ikMnf kuJ! do cfr cwkr gwzI ivc hI lfey ik koeI krmcfrI iml jfvy qF AusnUM puwC ky qswlI krF ik myrI shI sIt kyhVI hY! pr koeI vI jdoN nf imilaf qF ieh soc ky bYT igaf ik jdoN iksy ny af ky puwiCaf qF afpxI hflq ibafn kr idaFgf qy bfbf nfnk jI vFg kih idaFgf, "BfeI ijQy QF hY, dwsdy; mY EQy clf jFdf hF." pr rsqy ivc nf koeI krmcfrI afieaf qy nf hI iksy ny mYnUM AuTfieaf. iek stysLn qoN iek afstRylIan bIbI bwcy smyq svfr hoeI qy AusdI bwcy smyq shUlq nUUM muK rwKidaF hoieaF mY sfrf kybn Aus leI Cwz ky afp nfl vfly kybn ivc clf igaf.

          keI sflF ipCoN, iksy jfxkfr swjx dy dsx qy pqf lwgf ik pihly zwby dI Pst klfs eysy qrHF dI hI, spYsLl iksm dI huMdI hY. afpxy suBf qoN AulLt EQy iek hotl ivc rfq rihxf ipaf. stysLn qoN nyVy hI iek pwb sI qy Ausdy Aupr rYx bsyrf. iek kmrf lY ky Aus ivc zyrf zflL ilaf. mOsm grmI df sI. pwKf vI koeI nhI sI qy bUhy dy sfhmxy bfrI vI koeI nhI sI ijs QfxI hvf bUhy coN dfKl ho ky awgy nUM inklL sky. bUhy dy nfl hI bRfbr qy iek bfrI sI. afpxy mn dy pflLy krky bUhf rfq nUM bMd krky hI suwqf.

rfqIN hI pqf kr ilaf sI afly duaflLy qoN puwC puCf ky ik icVIaf Gr nUM tYksI qy bws ikQoN imlLU. svyry CyqI hI AuT ky, inq ikiraf qoN vyhlf ho ky, sihjy sihjy Aus sVky pY ky qur ipaf jyhVI icVIaf Gr nUM jFdI sI. bws df stfp vI lB igaf pr soicaf ik clo quiraf hI jFdf hf. rfh ivc ijQy bws imlLUgI cVH jfvFgf pr mY qF cwlo cwlI icVIaf Gr dy bUhy awgy vI phuMc igaf pr bws nf afeI. icVIaf Gr ajy bMd sI ikAuNik Ausdy KulHx df smf nhI sI hoieaf. QohVf ku AuzIk krvf ky AuhnF ny smy qoN pihlF hI mYnUM gytoN aMdr vfV ilaf. kuJ smf AuzIkx ipwCoN mY ds zflr krfey qy AuhnF df sfeIkl lYx df ivcfr bxf ilaf ikAuNik icVIaf Gr bhuq hI ivsLfl hox krky pYdl vyK swkxf sMBv nhI sI. AuhnÖf dy sfeIklF dy stYNz qoN afpxI jfxy sB qoN vwzf sfeIkl mY ilaf, ieh smJ ky ik sLfied myrf kwd afm nflLoN lMmyrf hY. ihMdusqfnI sfeIklF qoN ies df hYNzl inafrf hI sI. ieAuN smJ lE ik ijvyN blLHd dy bRfbr qy bfhr vwl nUM isÕ hox. Aus qy bihx qoN pihlF hI mYnUM KuVk qF geI ik mY afpxy kwd df loVoN vD lMmf hox df aMdfjLf lf ilaf hY pr ies gLlqI nUM suDfrn df Xqn nf kIqf qy plfkI mfr ky ies dy Aupr bYT igaf. lE, kI hoieaf! ijAuN hI mY ies Aupr svfr hoieaf ieh qF GoVI vFg hI ryhVy pY igaf qy vfhvf Zlfx vflI sVk qy invfx vwl qyj rPLqfrI nflL dOV quiraf. rokx df Xqn bQyrf kIqf pr sB asPl. eysy dOrfn 1963 dI Gtnf Xfd af geI. DmDfn sfihb (hirafxf) ivKy iek GoVI qy svfr ho igaf. GoVI Bwj peI pr mYnUM rokxI nf afvy. kfTI vI Aus Aupr koeI nf. Ausdy dOVn smy mY buVk buVk AusdI ipwT Auqy izgF qy ies AuCl kud ivc myrf GoVI dI ipwT qy lwgx vflf srIr df QF vI pIV krn lwg ipaf qy vws koeI cwldf nf vyK mY GoVI qoN CflL mfr idqI. vyKx vfilLaF smiJaf ik mY izg ipaf hF. Auh myrI sMBflL leI myry vwl Bwjy. mYnUM izwgf jfx ky GoVI vI QohVI awgy jf ky Klo geI qy mY AuT ky, Bwj ky AusdI lgfm PV leI. idl `c soicaf , "ijsdf kfm AusI ko sfjy. aOr kry qo ZUMgf Bfjy."

          Pyr afeIey sfeIkl vflLI gwl vwl. bQyrf eyDr EDr vyKF pr bryk nf lBy. sfeIkl plo pl hor qyjI PVdf jfvy. bVIaF ivcfrF mn ivc afAux ik iesnMU ikvyN rokF. kdI socF iksy JfVI ivc mfr ky rokF. kdy inwky huMdy jdoN cfcf jI dy sfeIkl nUM, AuhnF dI awK bcf ky hvylI ivcoN sVk qy lY jfxf. kYNcI pf ky sVk qy clfAuxf iswKxf; Auh vI corIN corIN. rokx dI jfc nf hox krky sVk qy gwzy luwk dy zrMm nflL mfr ky kdI roikaf krdf sF. kdI AuqoN CflL mfr ky Auqrnf qy kdI izg hI pYxf. socF ik koeI Auho ijhI cIj ids pvy qy Aus ivc sfeIkl nUM mfr ky rokF. sfeIkl dI rPqfr dy nflL nflL hI myry zr dI imkdfr cI vDdI jfvy. acfnk iKafl afieaf ik afstRylIan sfeIklF dIaF brykF hYNzl ivc nf ho ky pYzl ivc huMdIaF hn. ieh iKafl afANuidaF hI pYzl nUM puwTf gyVf dyx df Xqn kIqf qF sfeIkl jI mhfrfj QMmH gey. ieh jfx ky suK df sfh afieaf. jfh jFdIey ho jfx df zr pYdf ho igaf sI. myry nflL, "hr hr gMgf. kfhnUM ilaf pMgf." vFg hI nf ikqy ho jfdI! aYvyN afrfm nflL bwicaF ivc bYTy bYTy jLU vyKx dy cf `c pMgf pf bYTf sF.

KYr, rwb rwb krky qrHF qrHF dy jIv vyK vyK ky rwb dIaF kudrqF df anMd mfx hI irhf sF ik mYnUM vyK ky iek BUqry hoey gYNzy ny afpxy ipCly pfisAuN eyny jor dI ipsLfb dI Dfr mfrI ik rwboN hI mY Aus ivc iesLnfn krno bc sikaf. ies 'afvfrgfrdI' qoN Qkfvt ijhI mihsUs krky mY vfpsI cfly pf idqy. jd pihlF qur ky cilaf igaf sI qy iPr qF nf qur ky muVn ivc koeI quk nhI sI idsdI. sgoN diraf dy kMZy kMZy, Coty rfh QfxI CyqI vfps af igaf. rsqy ivc iek hor vI vDIaf gwl hoeI. iek rYstorYNt dy borz Aupr ingfh peI qy Aus Aupr 'drbfr ieMzIan rYstorYNt' iliKaf pVH ky, KusLI KusLI aMdr jf viVaf. awgy nOjvfn pMjfbI muMzy bVy qpfk nflL imlLy. bYTy, gwlF kIqIaF. Auhnf ny rotI leI bVf jor lfieaf pr mY ieh 'lUhf bflLf' mukf cuwkf sF. AuhnF dy jor dyx qy cfh pI leI. AuhnF ny dwisaf ik Auh mYnUM jfxdy hn qy myry rOlLy rwpy qoN vI jfxU hn. mY afiKaf[ "jfxo ikvyN nf! 'Auh kyVI glLI. ijQy Bfgo nhI KlLHI!"

          AuhnF ny hor Aus sLihr ivc afpxy pfs itkx leI pysLksL kIqI pr mY DMnvfd kih ky Esy rfq dI gwzI vfps muV afAux df pRogrfm dws idqf qy nfl hI ikhf, "jy mYnUM pqf huMdf ik qusIN eyQy rihMdy ho qF mY rfq guMgy bx ky axcfhI QF hotl ivc ikAuN kwtI. rfq Br quhfzf isr KFdf, afpxIaF gwpF suxf suxf ky. clo iPr kdI shI."

          vfpsI qy iek bhuqy hI suihrd swjx ny puwC ilaf, kI gwl EQy rwiKaf nhI qYnUM iksy ny!" "no vykYNsI df sfeIn hI idisaf sI mYnUM qF EQy!" jvfb sI myrf Esy hI ton ivc.

-igafnI sMqoK isMG

swp

sMqoK isMG (afstRylIaf)

1962 ivc sfzI mrjLI dy ivruD qrn qfrn qoN sfzI bdlI hux dy hirafxy dy iek ijLly, jo ik EdoN pMjfb dy ijLlf sMgrUr df iek sb zIvIjLn huMdf sI qy sfbk irafsq jINd (sMgrUr) dI rfjDfnI, jINd ivc, gurduafrf sRI gurU qyg bhfdr sLfihb ivc ho geI. syvf qy mY BfvyN kIrqn dI krdf sF pr rucI qy iDafn myrf, jo vI hwQ afvy Aus ikqfb jF aKLbfr nUM pVHn vwl hI huMdf sI. jlMDroN dUr hox krky EQy pMjfbI dIaF aKLbfrF imldIaF nhI sn. pitafly qoN Cpx vflLI iek aKLbfr rxjIq afieaf krdI sI pr Aus nflL myrI qswlI sI huMdI. mYnUm Auh iPwkI iPwkI ijhI lwigaf krnI. ies krky aMimRq syvlLy afsf dI vfr df kIrqn krn AupRMq, Cfh vylLf Kf ky, sLihr dI lfiebRyrI ivc jf ky, idwlI qoN Cp ky afAux vflIaF ihMdI dIaF aKLbfrF nv Bfrq tfeImjL, ihMdusqfn afid piVHaf krdf sF. myrf qy qkrIbn sfiraF df mn psMd spqfihk DrmXug qF aMimRqsr vI imlLdf sI qy eyQy vI imlL jFdf sI. sLfied eysy krky hI myrf ihMdI pVHn df (ilKx df nhI) aiBafs ho igaf sI.

myrI pihlI psMd dI aKLbfr akflI sI jo ik srdfr kYroN dI ikrpf nflL akflI qoN jQydfr bxn leI mjbUr ho geI sI. ies aKLbfr ivc Cpx vflLy kflmF, KVgDfrI dI klm qoN, gVgwj dIaf gwjdIaF gUMjF kivqfvF aqy cutkly, gwlF `coN gwlF, afiqsLbfjI afid vfrqk rcnfvF pVH pVH ky pVHn ivc rucI pYdf ho geI sI. jnvrI 1958 qoN lY ky 1960 qk mY ieh aKLbfr pVHdf irhf. iPr 1960 dy morcy dOrfn srdfr kYroN ny akflIaF dI ‘iZbrI tYt’ krn leI ijQy hor keI sKLqI dy kdm cuwky EQy ies aKLbfr nUM vI bMd kr idqf. morcy dy KLfqmy qy jdoN iPr iesnUM Cfpx leI AfigaF mMgI gei qF Auh nf imlLI qy iesdf jQydfr dy rUp ivc punr avqfr hoieaf. bfkI sfrf kuJ pihlF vFg hI sI isrP nf hI bdilaf sI. ajIq akflI pwiqRkf, nvF jLmfnf afid aKLbfrF qy aMimRqsr qy qrn qfrn hI rih geIaF sn. jINd dy gurduafry ivc zfk rfhIN kOmI drd qy jQydfr afieaf krdIaF sn jo ik iek do idn lyt puwjdIaF sn.

jQydfr ivc EhnIN idnIN Ausdy ipCly pMny Aupr pfTkF vwloN afp bIqIaF idlcsp GtnfvF vI Cipaf krdIaF sn. ies qoN pRyrq ho ky mY vI iek afp bIqI ilK ByjI jo ik ies pfsy myrf pihlf Audm sI. hYrfnI hoeI ik Auh ilKq aKLbfr ivc Cp vI geI ijsnUM Cfpy dy rUp ivc pVH ky myry DrqI qy pYr nf lwgx. Aus smy mYnUM sLbd-joV, pYrf bMdI  vfk bxqr afid vrgy ivdvqf vfly rgiVaF JgiVaF dI iblkul koeI sUJ nhI sI huMdI. sMpfdk ny KLud hI pYrf vMz krky qy sLbd-joV soD ky eynI KLUbsUrqI nflL ieh ilKq CfpI ik mY vyK ky gLd gLd ho igaf pr mfVI bfq ieh ik ies AuqsLfh vrDk Gtnf qoN mY koeI pRyrnf nf pRfpq kIqI qy awgoN hor kuJ nf iliKaf/iswiKaf. sLfied ilKx vfsqy hY eI kuJ nhI sI myry kolL! iPr ieh vI soc huxy hI afeI hY ik jykr koeI swjx Aus smy myry sMprk ivc myry nflLoN ies pfsy dI vD KLbr rwKx vflLf huMdf qF sLfied Aus dI pRyrnf nflL mY vI CyqI hI KLud nUM pMjF svfrF ivc sLfml hoieaf smJx lwg pYNdf.

gwl Auh ieh sI: qkrIbn 1951-52 dy idn hoxgy ik iek idn mY qy myry vwzy cfcf jI df vwzf lVkf[ s[ mnohr isMG, jo ik Aumr ivc myry qoN sfl ku Cotf sI, afpxI ‘biGafVF vflLI’ krky jfxI jFdI pYlLI ivc, crHI vZx gey. pYlLI dy iknfry qy hI puwjy sF ik sfnUM pYlLI ivc swp idKfeI idqf. zr aDIn pYlLI dy iknfry qy Kloqy hI asIN Aus swp vwl bhuq smf vyKdy rhy pr Auh ihwilaf-juwwilaf nf. mY cfhvF ik ZIm mfr ky AusnUM Bjfieaf jfvy pr myrf ccyrf Brf ieh kMMm krn nf dyvy. jdoN hI mY ZIm Aus swp nUM mfrn leI cuwkF qF Auh dUr Bwj jfieaf kry qy iekwlf swp nUM ZIm mfrn df mY vI hOslf nf krF. ieh gwl nhI ik sfzy dohF ivc dlyrI df koeI KLfs Prk sI pr hmysLF hI myrf ccyrf Brf hryk gwl ivc myry nflLoN ikqy vD isafxp BrpUr rvweIaf aKLiqafr krdf huMdf sI. dlyrI jF bhfdrI dI vI gwl kr hI leIey. dlyrI ijsnUM asIN bhfdrI vI afKdy hF bfry myry ivcfr kuJ sflF qoN kuJ aijhy bx gey hn ik mY bhfdrI qy byvkUPLI nUM vwK vwK smJx qoN KLud nUM amrwQ ijhf smJx lwg ipaf hF. myry ivcfr ieh dohvyN iek dUjI dy AuproN dI ho jFdIaF hn. byvkUPLI qoN ibnf koeI KLqry vflLf kdm cuwikaf jfxf sOKyrf nhI huMdf. ies vfsqy kuJ nf kuJ byvkUPLI loVINdI hY. so jdoN koeI AudmI swjx aijhf asfDfrx joKm Biraf kdm AuTf lYNdf, qF jy qF Auh sPLl ho jfvy qF lokIN AusnUM bhfdr afKxf sLurU kr idMdy hn qy jy asPLl rih jfvy qF lok AusnUM byvkUPL afK Cwzdy hn. myrf qy ieh atklL-pcU ijhf aMdffjLf hI hY. bfkI sUJvfn swjxF dy ivcfr ies qoN vwKry vI ho skdy hn qy jLrUr hoxgy vI. jLrUrI nhI ik myrf ivcfr hI TIk hovy!

vfhvf AuDyV-bux, vVUM-inklLUM, afid krn; PusPsfht ivc qUM-qUM mY-mY hox AupRMq asIN pTy vZx qoN ibnf hI vfps muV afey. agly idn asIN Coty cfcf jI nflL gwl kIqI qF AuhnF afiKaf, “mUrKo, hux qwk Auh swp EQy bYTf hoieaf hY ikqy! Auh qF ikqy cilaf igaf hoAUgf!” pr sfzy jor dyx qy Auh pYlLI nUM sfzy nflL qur pey. jdoN EQy gey qF swp EQy Esy hI hflq ivc bYTf hoieaf sI. sfzy jfx qy vI Auh tws qoN mws nf hoieaf.

cfcf jI ny pihlF qF afiKaf, “Eie ieh qF rwsI lwgdI af. iPr afiKaf, “nhI Eie, ieh swp eI af.“ iPr AusnUM cfcf jI ny kuJ ZImF mfrIaF pr swp qF afpxy morcy qy zitaf hoieaf sI qy zitaf hI irhf. cfcf jI dy nflL hox krky asIN dovyN EQy hI cfcy kolL Kloqy rhy qy zr ky dUr nf Bwjy. jdoN swp nf ihwilaf qF cfcf afhdf, “Eie hY qF swp hI pr miraf hoieaf ey.“ cfcy dy hwQ ivc dfqI sI. nyVy jf ky Ausny dfqI nflL AusnUM Auqy cuwk ilaf. hwsidaF hoieaf sfnUM ivKfieaf qy nflL hI sfzf vI hfsf inklL igaf. gwl ieAuN hoeI ik aMimRqDfrI hox krky myry BfeIaf jI qy prvfr dy bfkI mYbr ipMzF vflLf purfxf qyV vflLf kwpVf ‘kwCf’ pfAux dy QF ‘kCihrf’ pfieaf krdy sn qy purfqn isMGF dy kCihiraF dy Gyry cOVy huMdy sn. ies qrHF kCihry dy cOVy Gyry dy muqfibk Ausdf nflLf vI vwzf huMdf sI. BfeIaf jI dy purfxy kCihry df nflLf ikqy rUVI ivc cilaf igaf hox krky Auh rUVI smyq pYlLI ivc phuMc igaf qy EQy ipaf sfnUM swp bx ky zrfAux lwg ipaf.

sMqoK isMG

afstRylIaf

ilKI jf rhI jIvnI ‘Jwgf pftf hoieaf’ ivcoN