kYnyzf-amrIkf ivwc rIsYsLn df pfT piVHaf-suixaF jfx lwgf, ivafjL drF Gwt hox lwgIaF -prvyjL sMDU

          arQsLfsqr dI pVHfeI krdy vkq ijhVI sB qoN pihlF rIsYsLn aqy izprYsLn dI pRIBfsLf sOiKaF smJ afeI sI Auh hYrI trUmYn dI bVI hI purfxI cutkly vrgI pRIBfsLf sI. trUmYn ny rIsYsLn aqy izprYsLn dI srl sLbdF ivwc pRIBsfL idMdy vkq ikhf sI ik rIsYsLn Auh huMdI hY jdoN quhfzy guaFZI dI nOkrI clI jfvy aqy izprYsLn Auh huMdI hY jdoN quhfzI afpxI nOkrI clI jfvy. jdoN trUmYn dI pRIBfsLf nUM dyKdy hF qF amrIkf ivwc hryk idn hI aijhf huMdf hY. bysLk kYnyzf ivwc hfly ieh siQqI pYdf nhIN hoeI pr sfzy guaFZI amrIkn lokF dIaF nOkrIaF idnoN idn jf rhIaF hn aqy AuWQy rIsYsLn dI siQqI bxdI jf rhI hY. amrIkf ivwcly dsMbr dy afrQk aMkiVaF `qy njLr mfrIey jo jnvrI ivwc rlIjL kIqy gey hn qF pqf lgdf hY ik siQqI ikMnI gMBIr hY. amrIkf ivwc byrujLgfrI 5% `qy vD geI hY Bfv 7[7 imlIan lok kMm qoN ivhly hn, rItyl syl 0[4% hyTF af geI hY aqy ieMzstIrIal Auqpfdn iblkul hI PlYt hoieaf ipaf hY. hfAUisMg mfrikt ijQoN ieh smwisaf sLurU hoeI sI, ajy vI toby ivwc hI peI hY. bYNkF DVf DV Gfty drsf rhIaF hn aqy lya-afPF kr rhIaF hn, stfk dIaF kImqF izwgIaF peIaF hn. lokF dIaf nOkrIaF jf rhIaF hn, bYkF ny AuDfr dyx qoN hwQ Guwt ilaf hY aqy nfl hI AupBogIaF ny afpxIaF jybF vI Guwt leIaF hn aqy Krcy bhuq ivcfr ky krdy hn. ienHF aMkiVaF qoN dunIaF dI vwzI afrQk ivvsQf Bfv amrIkf ivwc rIsYsLn dIaF insLfnIaf sfP idws rhIaF hn. arQsLfsqrIaF anusfr hornF alfmqF dy nfl jdoN do iqmfhIaF qoN vwD grfs zomYstk pRozkt (jI zI pI) Gtdf jfvy qF ies nUM rIsYsLn mMn ilaf jFdf hY jo ik amrIkf ivwc vfpr irhf hY. ies qoN Cutkfrf pfAux leI amrIkf ny ivafjL dr `qy ivcfr krn dI afpxI inrDfrq qrIk qoN pihlF hI ivafjL dr ivwc kfPI ktOqI kr idwqI hY pr ies ktOqI df asr bhuq hI QoVf ipaf hY aqy ieh ktOqI nfkfm njLr afAuNdI hY. mMglvfr nUM amrIkf dy kyNdrI bYNk PYzrl irjLrv ny arQivvsQf aqy sLyar bjLfr ivwc Gbrfht nUM dyKdy hoey lokF df Brosf vDfAux dIaf koisLsLF dy qihq ivafjL drF ivwc [75% dI ktOqI kIqI hY. amrIkf ivwc ivafjL dr 4[25% qoN Gtf ky 3[5% kr idwqf igaf hY. iewko vkq ivafjL drF ivwc ieMnI ktOqI krnI ieh drsfAuNdI hY ik amrIkI PYzrl irjLrv mMdvfVy dIaF insLfnNIaF qoN  bhuq hI Gbrfieaf hoieaf hY. ies qoN pihlf awj qoN 26 sfl pihlf 1982 ivwc ivafjL drF ivwc ieMnI ktOqI kIqI geI sI. amrIkf ivwc 1945 qoN lY ky 1982 qk nO vfrI rIsYsLn af cwukI hY.

kYnyzf ivwc hfly siQqI kuwJ vwKrI hY pr zr jLrUr bixaf hoieaf hY. amrIkf dI rIsYsLn df syk kYnyzf nUM lwgxf lfjLmI hY. siQqI nUM dyKidaF kYnyzf bYNk ny vI ivafjL dr ivwc [25% dI ktOqI kIqI hY, kYnyzf ivwc hux ivafjL dr 4% kr idwqI geI hY pr arQsLfsqrIaf muqfibk ktOqI ies qoN vI vwD hoxI cfhIdI hY. EntyrIE sUby dy pRImIar ny lokf nUM Brosf idMidaF ikhf hY ik agr qusIN afrQkqf nUM vDdI dyKxf cfhuMdy ho qF qusIN Krcx lwgy hWQ nf Guwto sgoN nvIaF kfrF, Gr, PirjLF afid KrIdo qF ik arQkqf ivkfs krdI rhy. mYgMNtI dy ienHF ibafnf ivwc vI zr Jlkdf hY. amrIkf vFg kYnyzf ivwc bYNkrpsIaF (idvflIapn) df dOr sLru ho igaf hY. koeI vI aKLbfr cwukoN ikqy nf ikqy aijhIaF KLbrF pVHn nUM imldIaF hn. somvfr nUM kYnyzf dI mFtrIafl siQq pRmwuK ipRitMg Prm 'ikAUbYkor' ny adflq ivwc jf ky krYzrtrF koloN pRokYtsn dI mMg kIqI sI jo adflq ny mMn leI hY. mMglvfr nUM bYg aqy atYcIkys vycx vflI pRiswD Prm 'bYntlI lgyjL' ny vI iehI mMg kIqI hY. bYntlI lgyjL dy kYnyzf ivwc 550 qoN vwD stor hn. buWDvfr nUM do hor nfmI kMpnIaF rozko aqy brYnko ny vI aijhI mMg adflq ivwc rwKI hY. sLyar mfrtIk vI ajy zoldI iPrdI hY ies `qy vI ivafjL dr GtfAux df bhuq asr nhIN ipaf jfpdf pr lokF ivwc Brosf jrUr viDaf hY. isafxy kihMdy hn kohry aqy lU qoNN bcfAux leI sLbjLI dIaF vylF nUM pihlF hI kfinaF dI vfV kr dyxI cfhIdI hY agr iek vfr kohry jF lU df asr ho igaf qf iPr awDIaF vylF qF pihly hwly hI suwk sV jFdIaF hn. hux dyKxf ieh hY ik kYnyzf dI bYNk aqy srkfr arQcfry nUM amrIkf vwloN mfro mfr krdIaF afAuNdIaF hvfvF nUM rokx leI hor kihVy afgAUN Auprfly krdI hY qF ik vyl rUpI kYnyzf dy arQcfry nUM Gwt nuksfn phuMc sky. mfhr arQsLfsqrIaF anusfr hfl dI GVI ivafjL dr nUM hor Gwt krnf hI iewko iewk qrIkf hY jo apxfieaf jf skdf hY. bYNk aqy srkfr nUM arQsLfsqrIaF dy khy `qy gOr krn dI loV hY.

dunIaF ivwc bolIaF jfx vflIaf BfsLfvF df iewk jfiejLf            -prmjIq sMDU

  ies vkq dunIaF dI afbfdI koeI 6 iblIan qoN kuJ ijLafdf hY aqy dunIaf ivwc anykf iksm dIaF bolIaF bolIaF jFdIaF hn. iewk qfjLf BfsLfeI anumfn dy muqfibk dunIaF ivwc iksy vkq kuwl 6809 BfsLfvF bolIaF jFdIaF sn lyikn hux smyN dI qor nfl dunIaF ivwc bolIaF jfx vflIaF BFsLfvF dI igxqI lgfqfr GtdI jf rhI hY ikAuNik 90% aijhIaF BfsLfvF ijnHF nUM bolx vfilaF dI igxqI iewk lwK qoN vI Gwt hY.

  537 BfsLfvF aijhIaF hn ijnHF nUM bolx vflLy 50 qoN vI Gwt hn. lLyikn ijLafdf aPsosjnk hflq AunHF 36 BfsLfvF dI hY jo afAux vflLy cMd ku sflF ivwc Kqm hox vflIaF hn ikAuNIk AunHF nUM bolx vflf isrP iewk-iewk iensfn hI bicaf hY. cIn ivwc bolI jfx vflI mYzrIn BfsLf abfdI dy ilhfj nfl dunIaF dI sB qoN vwzI BfsLf smJI jFdI hY jd ik aMgryjLI dUsry nMbr `qy afAuNdI hY. jy ihMdUsqfnI BfsLfvF (ihMdI-AUrdU afid) nUM iewk muwK BfsLf mMn ilaf jfvy qF BfrqI BfsLf dunIaF dI qIsrI vwzI BfsLf bx jFdf hY. Aus qrHF ihMdI df dunIaF dIaF BfsLfvF ivwc Aus df 6vF nMbr afAuNdf hY. pMjvyN nMbr `qy bMglf aqy AurdU 22vyN nMbr `qy clI jFdI hY. ies qoN ielfvf arbI aqy spYnsL vI dunIaF dIaF vwzIaF BfsLfvF ivwc sLfiml hY lyikn aMgryjLI df mfmlf sB qoN alwg hI hY. dunIaf ivwc isrPL 32 kroV lokF dI mfq BfsLf aMgryjLI hY ijs nUM vwzI sMiKaf ivwc amrIkf, knyzf brqfnIaF, afstrylIaf aqy inAUjLIlYNz ivwc boilaf jFdf hY. lyikn dunIaf  Br dy dysLF ivwc hor 35 kroV lok aijhy hn jo aMgryjLI nUM mfiDafm dy qOr `qy iesqymfl krdy hn, jfxI ik afpxI mfq BfsLf dy nfl nfl Auh aMgryjLI vI Ausy rPqfr nfl bol skdy hn. iehnF qoN ielfvf 10 qoN 15 kroV lok aijhy hn ijnHF ny jrUrq leI aMgryjLI iswKI hY. lLyikn aijhy lokF dI sMiKaf hux bhuq hI qyjLI nfl vWD rhI hY. ies krky aMgryjLI bolx vfilaF dI igxqI lgfqfr vDdI jf rhI hY.

 dunIaF Br dIaf BfsLfvf 10 prIvfrF ivwc vMzIaF hoeIaF hn aqy iksy vI BfsLF nUM smJx leI Aus dI AuqpqI nUM jfxnf jrUrI huMdf hY. dunIaF Br ivwc bolx vflIaf BfsFvF nUM 10 prIvfrF ivwc vMizaf jFdf hY pr ieQy asIN isrP cfr prIvfrF dI hI vrnx krFgy.

ieMzo- XUrpIan prIvfr:

  ieh smUMh BfsLfvF df sB qoN vwzf prIvfr hY aqy ies prIvfr ivwc aMgryjLI, AurdU, ihMdI, bMgflI, pMjfbI aqy PfrsI BfsLfvF afAuNdIaF hn. sMsikRq aqy lfqInI vrgIaF sLfsqrI BfsLfvF df sMbMD vI iesy pRIvfr nfl hY.

isMno-iqbqn prIvfr:

  dunIaF dI abfdI dy ilhfjL nfl bolI jfx vflI mYzrIn BfsLf ies prIvfr ivwc hI afAuNdI hY. cIn aqy iqbq ivwc bolIaF jfx vflIaf keI hor BfsLfvf dy ielfvf brmI BfsLf vI iesy pRIvr dI mYNbr hY. iewk hI avfjL agr Auwcy jF nIvyN sur nfl kwZI jfvy qF sLbd df arQ bdl jFdf hY.

aYPro-aYsIeyitk prIvfr:

  ies ivwc afrfmI, asyrI, sumyrI, akfdI aqy kInIafeI BfsLf afAuNdIaF hn.

zrfvIzIan prIvfr:

  ies prIvfr afaux vflIaF BFsLfvf ijLafdfqr dwKxI Bfrq ivwc bolIaF jFdIaF hn. ijnHF ivwc qfiml, qylgU milaflm aqy kMnV vrgIaF BfsLfvF afAudIaF hn.

  dunIaF dI muwK 10 BfsLfvF nUM bolx vfilaF dI igxqI ies pRkfr hY; mYNzrIn 1 iblIan, aMgryjLI 508 imlIan, ihMdUsqfnI 497 imlIan, spYinsL 342 imlIan, rsLIan 277 imlIan, arbI 246 imlIan, bMgflI 211 imlIan, purqgI 191 imlIan, mlfieaf 159 imlIan aqy PrYNc 129 imlIan lokF vwloN bolI jFdI hY.